Hamzah
Lubis.
Renewable energy of rice husk for reducing fossil energy in
Indonesia; Journal
of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, Volume 11, No. 1, June 2018
Renewable energy of rice husk for reducing fossil
energy in Indonesia
Hamzah Lubis1.
Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and
Engineering Technology (Volume 11, No. 1, June 2018, Pages 17 to 22)
Indonesia as
an agricultural country with staple food of rice, has huge rice husks
resources. Rice husk production in 2006 was 10,891,980 tons and in 2015 was
15,079,560 tons with growth rate of 3.85% per year. The purpose of this study
is to examine rice husks as an alternative to renewable energy fuels. According
to Indonesia’s renewable energy policy, the target of renewable energy application
is 23% out of total energy by 2025. Nevertheless, the average percentage of
renewable energy using is just 0.19% per year in the last ten years. Rice husks
need to be dried before burning it to obtain heat value. In this study, the
rice husks were dried by solar heat. Measurement of water content of rice husks
were performed by gravimetric method at Research and Standardization
Laboratory, Medan, Indonesia. Dried rice husk samples were burned in
calorimeter bomb to acquire the burning temperature and heat value and the
tests were performed at Basic Phenomenon of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory,
Institute Technology of Medan.The results showed that High Heating Value (HHV)
was 11.03 MJ / kg. Rice husks energy generated according to production in 2015
equivalent to 5,075,588,554 liters of Pertamax gasoline which worth US $
3,182.003,594. Furthermore, if rice husks were utilized for electricity power
generation, 25,635,252,000 kWh of electricity will be achieved and it is worth
US $ 2,665,912,362.It is concluded that the rice husks can be developed as one
of potential renewable energy fuel to accomplish 23% target of renewable energy
application by 2025.
Affiliation:
- Regional Council for Climate Change, Indonesia
Indonesia as
an agricultural country with staple food of rice, has huge rice husks resources. Rice husk production in 2006 was
10,891,980 tons and in 2015 was
15,079,560 tons with growth rate of 3.85% per year. The purpose
of this study is to examine rice husks as an alternative to renewable
energy fuels.
According to Indonesia’s renewable energy policy, the target of renewable
energy application is 23% out of total energy by 2025. Nevertheless, the average percentage of renewable energy using is just 0.19% per year in the last ten years.
Rice husks need to be dried before burning it to obtain heat value. In this
study, the rice husks were dried by solar heat. Measurement of water content of rice husks were performed by gravimetric method at Research and Standardization
Laboratory, Medan, Indonesia. Dried rice husk samples were burned in
calorimeter bomb to acquire the burning temperature and heat value and the
tests were performed at Basic Phenomenon of Mechanical Engineering Laboratory,
Institute Technology of Medan.
The results
showed that High Heating Value (HHV) was 11.03 MJ / kg. Rice husks energy generated
according to production in 2015 equivalent to 5,075,588,554 liters of Pertamax
gasoline which worth US $ 3,182.003,594. Furthermore, if rice husks were utilized for electricity power generation,
25,635,252,000
kWh of electricity will be achieved and it is worth US $ 2,665,912,362.
It is concluded that the rice husks can be developed as one of potential renewable
energy fuel to accomplish 23% target of renewable energy application by 2025.
Keywords : Rice
husk, renewable energy, heating value, economic value
INTRODUCTION
Resilience of a
country, influenced by energy security. Much of the world's energy comes from
fossil fuels, owned by a few countries, at prices that fluctuate and damage the
environment. To overcome energy dependence and reduce environmental damage,
many countries turn to renewable energy. One of them is biomass [1].
Regarding to Indonesia's renewable energy
policy, the target of renewable
energy application will
be 23% by 2025. The growth rate of renewable
energy is only 1.98% per
year within the past 10 years. The
growth rate in 2010 and 2015 were 4.42
% and 6.2
%, respectively. The
potential of renewable energy resources estimated
800 GW and utilized about 1 % up to
now. Geothermal Renewable Energy resource is about 16,502
MW and utilized 1,341 MW. In
addition, hydro energy is 75.000 MW and consumed
7,059 MW. While micro hydro, wind, sun energy are 769.7 MW, 950 GW and 4.8 kWh
/ m2 / day (112 GW peak) and utilized 512 MW, 1.33 MW and 452.78 MW,
respectively. Furthermore, 453 MW from coal methane gas, 574 TSCF from shale
gas, 28,8 GW from geothermal. Also, ocean current can generate 60GW and biomass
at 32,654 MW which newly exploited at 5.2 percent [2]. Biomasses are in the form of rice straw, rice husk, cotton stalk,
corn cob, wood chips and others [3].
As an
agricultural country with staple food of rice, rice and rice husk production continue
to increase. Increased rice production is supported by the expansion of
planting area from 11,786,400 ha in 2006 to 14,116,600 ha in 2015 with an
expansion rate of 19.77 percent. Production of paddy [4], [5], [6] in 2006
reached 54,459,900 tons and in 2015 reached 75,397,800 tons, with production
rate of 3.84% per year.
Graph of the
relationship between planting area and rice production in 2006-2015 is
presented in Figure 1.
production of paddy in
2006-2015
The rice mill produces 72 percent
rice, 5-8 percent rice bran, and rice husk 20-22 percent [7], 20 percent [8] ,
18-23 percent [3], 20-25 percent [9], and 14% -27% [1] of rice weight. Grain
burning rice value 7.81 MJ / kg [10], 12.1-15.2 MJ / kg [1], 13.24 MJ / kg [11]
, 13,481 MJ / kg [12] and 17.4 MJ / kg [9].
Rice husk
fuel
Rice husk utilized for household
fuel and 10% [8] burning of the soil [7], polluting the air [9] with methane
gas [13]. CH4 gas is 72 times more dangerous than CO2 gas to global warming [14].
Caloric energy
of rice husk can be obtained by open burning, gasifier stove [3], rice husk
briquettes [15]. In its application 1.6-1.8 kg of rice husk is converted to 1
kilowatt-hour [8]. The cost of producing electrical energy from fuel rice husk
is much lower (3.75) than coal fuel (10,260) and diesel (94,000) [3]. The
reduction of CO2 of rice husk (75 g CO2eg / kWh) is smaller than the straw fuel
(180 g CO2eg / kWh), low fossil (600 g CO2eg / kWh) and high fossil (995 g
CO2eg / kWh) [16].
of various fuels [16].
CO2
emissions can be reduced by perfect combustion [17]. Burning ash from 17-26% [9],
can be used for brick making, cement [13], concrete additives [9], natural
agricultural fertilizer [18] and poultry
incubation [13].
Biomass power generation, has feasible engineering [19],
economic feasibility [7], gross fuel solution [9], as renewable energy [9],[15],
environmentally friendly [13], [15], [18] and meeting the needs of local
communities [13]. The rice husk power plant is included in the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) [16].
METHODOLOGY
Testing of rice
husk water content has done by gravimetric method at Laboratory of Research and
Industrial Standard Center of Medan, Climate and Industrial Policy Assessment
Office, Ministry of Industry Republic of Indonesia in Medan. Testing the
calorific value of rice husk using calorimeter bombs at Phenomenon Laboratory,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Medan
Institute of Technology.
The highest
heating value (HHV) is calculated by the equation: HHV = (T2 - T1
- Tkp) x cv (kJ / kg), where Cv = hot bomb type calorimeter 73,529.6
(J / gr.°c) and T kp = temperature rise due to ignition wire = 0,05°C. The
lowest heating value (LHV) is calculated by the equation: LHV = HHV - 3.240 (kJ
/ kj). T1 = cooling water temperature before turn on (oC).
T2 = the cooling water temperature after being turned on (oC).
Tkp = increase of igniter wire temperature (oC). cv = heat type tool
(73.529.6 kJ / kg.oC).
RESULT
(1) Heating Value of Rice Husk Samples
Testing of heating value has done by
3 times repetition with calorimeter bomb obtained an average HHV of 11.03 MJ /
Kg. This fuel value is still above 7.81 MJ / kg [10] and below 12.1-15.2 MJ /
kg [1], 13.24 MJ / kg [11], 13,481 MJ /
kg [12] and 17.4 MJ / kg [9].
(2) Heating value of rice husks in Indonesia
The
average percentage of rice husk 20 percent of the weight of paddy, the rice
husk obtained in 2006 reached 10,891,980 tons and in 2015 reached 15,079,560
tons with an average increase of 418,758 tons per year. Fuel value of rice husk
120.138.539x103 MJ and 166.327.547 x103MJ in 2015 with growth of 4,618,900.8
x103MJ per year. The production data and the rate of rice husk production and
the data and the calorific value of rice husk in 2006-2015 are presented in
figure 3.
and heating value in 2006-2015
By
the fuel gasoline Pertamina - Pertamax type (Octan 92) the calorific value of
10.575 cal / gram, the specific gravity of 0.74 kg / liter, then the calorific
value of rice husk husk in 2006 (3.666.102.240 liter) and in 2015 (5,075,588,554
liter) with the growth of 140,948 .631.4 liters of year. Price Pertamax (Octan 92) Rp.8.150 /
liter equivalent to US $ 0.62
, then the value of equivalent rice husk worth in 2006
(US$.2.289.364.097) and in 2015
(US$ 3.182.003.594).
(3) Electric energy equivalent and sale value
The
increase in rice equivalent of rice husk with Pertamax fuel and increased
Pertamax purchase price for 10 years reached 38.45 percent or 3.85 percent per
year. The data of Pertamax equality and rate as well as the data and rate of
purchase of pertamax in 2006-2015 are shown in figure 4.
gasoline and
price, 2006-2015
(4) Electrical Value and
Selling Value
Rice
husks can be synchronized with the electrical energy generated from the biomass
power plant. Each kilogram of rice husk produces an average of 1.7 kwh. The
equivalent of electric energy from rice husk in 2006 reached 18,516,366,000 kWh
and in 2015 reached 25,635,252,000 kWh with growth of 7,118,886,000 kWh in 10
years or 711,888,600 kWh per year.
The
lowest non-subsidized electrical energy in Indonesia (900 VA) is sold in
Indonesia Rp.1.352 / kWh). The selling value of electric energy from rice husk
in 2006 reached US$ 1,925,702,062 and in 2015 reached US$ 2,665,912,362 with
the growth of US$ 740,210,300 in 10 years or US$ 74,021,030 per year. The
increase of electrical energy and the selling value of electrical energy for 10
years reached 38.45 percent or 3.85 percent per year.
The
data of electrical energy, the rate of electrical energy and the data of
selling value and the rate of sale value of electric energy in 2006-2015 are
presented in figure 5.
and money value 2006-2015.
CONCLUSIONS
1.
Rice production was 54,459,900 tons in 2006 and 75,397,800
tons in 2015 with production rate of 38.45 percent. Production of rice husk in
2006 was 10,891,980 tons and 15,079,560
tons in 2015 with production rate
418,758 tons per year.
2.
The caloric value of
rice husk is 11.03 MJ / kg. Consequently, the rice husk production in 2006 generated
120.138.539x103 MJ which is equivalent to 3,666,102,240 liters of Pertamax
gasoline and in 2015 produced 166,327,547 x103MJ equivalent to 5,075,588,554
liters of Pertamax gasoline. If rice husks are applied as a source of
electrical energy, it will produce 18,516,366,000 kWh of electricity in 2006
and 25,635,252,000 kWh in 2015.
3.
The economic value of
rice husk, its energy equivalent to the Pertamax gasoline purchase in 2006 was US
$ 2,289,364,097 and in 2015 was US $ 3,182,003,594. When rice husks were
utilized to produce electrical energy, in 2006 equal to US $ 1,925,702,062 and
in 2015 US $ 2,665,912,362 with growth of US $ 74,021,030 per year.
4.
Rice husks are very
prospective as an alternative renewable energy fuels in Indonesia.
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* Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences ang Engineering 11, issue 1 (2018) pp.17
**Regional Council for Climate Change, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia; Bending and Climate Change Institutions of Nahdlatul Ulama, North Sumatera; Environmental Impact Assessment Commission, North Sumatera Province; Marine Partnership Consortium of North Sumatra Province, Indonesia
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